An historical overview of the Catholic Church, a doctrinal comparison between Catholicism and the Bible, and answering whether all Catholics are Christian.
Short Answer
The Catholic Church shares some common theological history and beliefs with Reformed Protestantism, but also upholds major doctrinal differences with the Bible. Though the Catholic Church is a false church, it is impossible to condemn all Catholics are non-Christians because of the diverse nature of its billion-plus members.
Long Answer
The Catholic Church is one of the largest religious groups in the world. According to the BBC, in 2017 the Church boasted around 1.2 billion members worldwide. Around 40% of the world’s Catholics live in Latin America and one of the largest areas of growth is in Africa.
Though many refer to the Catholic Church as the Roman Catholic Church, it’s not always correct. In Catholicism there are different rites and the Roman rite is the largest rite which is why you will often see “Roman Catholic Church”. For now, I will use the more generic term “Catholic Church”.
In this post, my aim is to provide an historical overview of the Catholic Church from a Protestant perspective, show a doctrinal comparison between Catholicism and the Bible, and finally answer whether all Catholics are actually Christian.
Personally, I am a Reformed Baptist so I will review this history from a Protestant perspective. I grew up attending Catholic mass and though I was never a Catholic, my father’s family is mostly Roman Catholic.
A Very Brief History of the Catholic Church – By A Protestant
St Patrick’s Cathedral, New York City – Image credit: Wikimedia
The Christian church (not the Catholic Church) began around AD 30 when Jesus the Messiah was crucified, buried, resurrected, and ascended to heaven (1 Corinthians 15:1-4).
The Apostles preached the gospel and it spread from present-day Spain where Paul preached to present-day India where Thomas preached in the 1st century. Churches were loosely unified in doctrine (teachings) and cooperation in the early years, however more serious schisms developed in the 2nd century. At the same time, a hierarchical church government developed with popes and patriarchs at the top and laity at the bottom.
Through a series of creeds and church councils, the church identified the Scriptures and codified official theology on some controversial points. The groups who disagreed with prevailing doctrine left the main church and formed other sects. The biggest departure happened after the Council of Chalcedon in 451 when a portion of the Eastern churches departed for a non-Chalcedonian understanding of Christ’s nature. The Western Church would later emerge from the larger group of remaining Christians as the Catholic Church.
Depending on the source, the Catholic Church started around 590 when Pope Gregory I consolidated the lands near Rome under the church’s rule. Catholic doctrine began to develop at that time which had little to no Scriptural support. Nearly 500 years later, the Eastern half of the church split from the Western half in the Great Schism (1054) because of several issues. One of the reasons related to the Eastern church’s rejection of the Pope’s authority. The Eastern Church became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church while the Western Church became known as the Catholic Church.
The church later split in the 16th century during the Protestant Reformation. Various reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others rose from within the Catholic Church decrying moral lapses and ecclesial abuses. More seriously, false doctrine had become official dogma in Catholicism. The Catholic Church responded with The Council of Trent (1545, 1563) and further solidified its pre-Reformation doctrines while condemning all Protestants as heretics. What the Protestants rejected as false doctrine, the Catholics upheld as sacred tradition. The split was to be permanent.
Four centuries later at Vatican II (1962-1965), the Catholic Church sought to modernize its liturgy and doctrine and took a more accommodative stance toward theological liberalism and non-Catholic denominations. In general, Catholic doctrine has been fairly conservative related to morals, but this trend has subsided in recent decades. The Catholic church has drifted further left on many social and theological issues and suffered through many scandals and cover-ups. In short, the Catholic Church has had a rough few decades.
“For inquire, please, of bygone ages, and consider what the fathers have searched out. For we are but of yesterday and know nothing, for our days on earth are a shadow. Will they not teach you and tell you and utter words out of their understanding?” (Job 8:8-10)
Doctrine Comparison: Catholicism vs. The Bible
Conservative Protestants have much in common with Catholics. Both Protestants and Catholics affirm God’s creation of the universe, the Fall of Mankind, divine revelation, Jesus as the savior of the world, and many other historic Christian doctrines. After all, Protestant churches emerged from the Catholic Church so we share many common theological roots.
However, there are several significant theological disagreements. These divisions were so important they split the Western church five hundred years ago. In fact, these contentions are so serious many do not consider the Catholic Church a true church any longer.
Here is a doctrinal comparison between some critical theological claims. CCC is short for “Catechism of the Catholic Church” which is a summary of the official teachings of Catholic beliefs.
| Doctrine | Catholicism | Bible |
|---|---|---|
| Location of Authority | The Church does not derive doctrine from the holy Scriptures alone (but by) both Scripture and Tradition (CCC, 82) | Scripture alone is authoritative for all doctrine. "All Scripture is breathed out by God...that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work." (2 Timothy 3:16-17) |
| The Head of the Church | The Church does not derive doctrine from the holy Scriptures alone (but by) both Scripture and Tradition (CCC, 82) | Jesus is the head of the church: "Christ is the head of the church."(Ephesians 5:23) |
| Infallibility of the Pope (cannot err in doctrine) | "The Roman Pontiff...enjoys this infallibility in virtue of his office" (CCC, 891) | This is NOT found in the Bible. The New Testament instead presents a plurality of fallible elders who lead local churches. (Titus 1:5) |
| Justification by Baptism | Baptism saves a person. "Justification is conferred in Baptism." (CCC, 1992) | No work (including baptism) justifies a sinner before God.. "For by grace you have been saved through faith...not a result of works." (Ephesians 2:8) |
| Eucharist Sacrifice (Mass) | Christ is offered again on the altar through the Mass. "The Eucharist is thus a sacrifice because it (makes present) the sacrifice of the cross." (CCC, 1366) | The continual re-sacrifice of Christ is NOT in the Bible. "He has no need, like those high priests, to offer sacrifices daily...since he did this once for all when he offered up himself." (Hebrews 7:26-27) |
| Purgatory | Purgatory is a place of punishment for Christians who need their sins purged. "Every sin...must be purified either here on earth, or after death in the state called Purgatory." (CCC, 1472) | The Bible does NOT affirm the idea of Purgatory. Instead when Christians die, they immediately go to heaven. Jesus told the thief on the cross, "Truly, I say to you, today you will be with me in paradise." (Luke 23:43) |
| Penance | "The sacrament of penance is another way to remove sin. "Those who approach the sacrament of Penance obtain pardon from God's mercy for the offense committed against him." (CCC, 1422) | The Catholic concept of penance was originally based on a mistranslated phrase in the Latin Bible "do penance" instead of "repent" - or turn from your sins. (Matthew 4:17). The non-Biblical doctrine of penance does not remove sins. |
| Indulgences | Indulgences either removes or reduces time in Purgatory for Christians - indulgences were reinstated in Catholicism in the 20th century.. "An indulgence ...removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin." (CCC, 1471) | The Catholic concept of "temporal sins" is NOT found in the Bible and thus an imaginary "indulgence" would not remove temporal sins. Instead, "Christ also suffered once for sins...that he might bring us to God." (1 Peter 3:18) |
| Worship Mary | Devotion to Mary is both taught and practiced widely. "The liturgical feasts dedicated to the Mother of God and Marian prayer, such as the rosary...express this devotion to the Virgin Mary." (CCC, 963) | Christians are to worship and serve God alone. "You shall worship the Lord your God, and him only shall you serve." (Luke 4:8) |
There are other Catholic practices that are troublesome from a biblical perspective. For instance, praying to saints, calling priests “father” (Matthew 23:9), praying repetitive prayers like the Rosary (Matthew 6:7), which have no grounding in Scripture. But what is widely practiced in Catholicism is not necessarily official doctrine. At the least, some of these practices are troubling. At the most it’s the Catholic Magisterium’s willful allowance of non-Christian practices within the Catholic Church.
“Keep a close watch on yourself and on the teaching. Persist in this, for by so doing you will save both yourself and your hearers.” (1 Timothy 4:16)
Are Catholics Christian?
So can a Catholic be a Christian? On the one hand, it’s difficult to label every Catholic an unbeliever. Over one billion people practice the Catholic religion. And there are many types of Catholics like abortionists, to celibates, to theological radicals, to fundamentalists – the Catholic church seems to be a big tent that welcomes anyone who wants to be a Catholic. No doubt some in the Catholic Church have a high view of Scripture and are uncomfortable with the official teaching.
On the other hand, official Catholic doctrine is so far removed from biblical moorings the Catholic Church cannot be a true church. The Council of Trent condemned every then-Protestant in several pronouncements, one of which was Canon XII:
“If any one saith, that justifying faith is nothing else but confidence in the divine mercy which remits sins for Christ’s sake; or, that this confidence alone is that whereby we are justified; let him be anathema.”
In other words, official Catholic doctrine has officially rejected a core Biblical principle, “justification by faith alone.” Whereas Romans 3:28 says, “for we hold that one is justified by faith apart from works of the law,” the Catholic Church says anyone who holds that doctrine is to be anathema (damned). This is major issue.
Because the Catholic Church has rejected fundamental Biblical doctrines such as justification, by faith alone, worshiping and praying to God alone, Christ as the head of the Church, and Christ’s sacrifice for all sins of his people, I believe the Catholic Church is a false church. Ultimately, God is the judge of all people including Catholics who consciously or unconsciously hold to false doctrines.
“Therefore go out from their midst, and be separate from them, says the Lord, and touch no unclean thing; then I will welcome you.” (2 Corinthians 6:17)
Summary And Charge: Search The Scriptures
The Catholic Church has a storied and controversial past. Though most Western Christians trace their theological roots to the Catholic Church, many have left the Church for secularism, another religion, or biblical Christianity. It is my prayer that any Catholic reading this would strongly consider the above doctrinal comparison.
If you are a Catholic or are considering becoming a Catholic, I urge you to compare their teachings against the Bible. Catholics have a tendency to tell you things you like to hear. I’ve sat through many masses and left thinking there was nothing wrong with the message. But that doesn’t mean official teaching was correct – some official Catholic doctrine is pulled from the Bible. But anyone who puts their faith in the Church above Christ will not be saved. This goes for Catholics as well as Protestants.
“Now these Jews were more noble than those in Thessalonica; they received the word with all eagerness, examining the Scriptures daily to see if these things were so.” (Acts 17:11)
Resources
- Matt Slick put together an excellent overview on (Roman) Catholicism with answers to many common questions: Roman Catholicism
- Leonardo De Chirico (Video 26:24): Roman Catholicism Today
Hello Todd.
I could not possibly agree more with the position and trajectory of this piece. The Roman Catholic church is a false church pickled in mortal heresy.
A word of caution though.
You say: “The Virgin Mary . . . is acknowledged and honored as…the redeemer.”
This isn’t actually what the catechism says. The CCC is not saying that Mary is the mother of the church and that Mary is the redeemer. It IS saying that Mary is the mother of the church and the mother of the redeemer. (Take another look in that light please.)
In the very section you cite, further down we find the following”
————————————————-
“Mary’s function as mother of men in no way obscures or diminishes this unique mediation of Christ, but rather shows its power. But the Blessed Virgin’s salutary influence on men . . . flows forth from the superabundance of the merits of Christ, rests on his mediation, depends entirely on it, and draws all its power from it.” No creature could ever be counted along with the Incarnate Word and Redeemer; but just as the priesthood of Christ is shared in various ways both by his ministers and the faithful, and as the one goodness of God is radiated in different ways among his creatures, so also the unique mediation of the Redeemer does not exclude but rather gives rise to a manifold cooperation which is but a sharing in this one source.
——————————————————-
Having decades of experience with Catholics, I can tell you that they pounce on such misunderstandings with glee, triumphantly proclaiming them as the explanation (or one of the big ones anyway) for why protestants are so deceived.
Now, regardless of what they say, their devotion to Mary in practice can only be described as “worship” from a bibical standpoint. However, the semantics of authoritative church teaching does provide them wiggle room which the knowledgeable ones are quick to exploit.
My point is not to be unduly critical of you, but only to urge caution, as RCC theology is enormously complex and shot through with cognitive dissonance whereby contradictory, history, doctrine and practice can be freely embraced through a mistaken notion of faith in the imaginary apostolic authority of the papacy and the college of bishops.
Nowhere is this more evident than in the embarrassing postmodern ramblings of the present “pontiff.”
I do hope you receive this note in the spirit in which it is sent.
Much appreciation, Tiribulus! I want to be fair to those who believe in Catholic theology. To avoid confusion, I removed that row from the table but I approved and will keep your comment. Excellent points.
Thank you for that overview. I also think that the Catholic Church is a false religion.
It seems that nowadays people tend to try to be more politically correct in order not to offend anyone. I believe the Catholic religion has merged with pagetism. Worshiping the Virgin Mary or other false idols also goes against God.
You mentioned about the praying with rosaries and the repeated hail Marys in the Catholic confessionals? They falsely claim to be God on Earth. It seems pretty clear that by worshiping false idols, blasphemy, pedophilia along with the sacrificing communion Is proof of it being a false church.
I just heard the other day that Pope Francis is wanting to change the
Lord’s prayer. He openly accepts abortions, pedophilia, BLM and other morally questionable things that are very disturbing to me.
Thanks for the comment, Rebecca. Not sure about the details you provided, but Catholicism has certainly drifted left under Pope Francis.
Is the Roman Catholic Church a church from a Protestant-evangelical perspective
Hey Jason – the traditional Protestant and Reformed position is that the Roman Catholic Church is not a true church. Many Evangelicals no longer hold that position, but I think the traditional understanding is correct. Here’s an article that should help to guide you on which churches are true and which are false: https://truthstory.org/blog/what-is-a-false-church/
Hi Brandon,
Good article. I believe the CC is on a full press to provide information which is often mis-information via various avenues; Catholic Answers Live is an entertaining radio show but they promote the most unbiblical positions. They promote several writers who once were protestant but are now Catholic. It is difficult to find articles like yours in a goggle or youtube search because all of the pro-Catholic articles and websites come up. I can only assume they are paying to get their positions into the primary position when one does a search. I was raised Catholic and there are many things to admire at the laity level in regards to devotion – but the Marian doctrines, the papacy, grace via sacraments, and their low regard for scripture in comparison to tradition is a no starter for me. I like the respect and honor and the contemplative style of worship but the dishonor of Christ via the Marian doctrines cannot be tolerated. Its claim of ‘The Early Church was the Catholic Church’ is dishonest. I would like to find other good websites/resources that addresses these issues so that I can better address with my family.
Thanks, Ron. Hopefully this article can be of help. May the Lord guide you in conversations with your family.
I enjoyed the article. And the comments. Thanks Brandon.
I recently attended a catholic funeral service for my grandmother. She was raised catholic, and my dad was raised catholic. I’m not sure when my dad left the church, but my mom was raised Lutheran in southern MN.
We attended an Assembly of God church as we grew up, and the Pastor really can’t be described as anything other than a great man of God.
Grandma’s service was by far the least personable I’ve been too. Talked about how she will have to pay for her sins and yada yada. Everything was recited from a book. The rest in attendance knew their cue for when they would chant. And the kneeling, sitting, standing, sitting, standing, kneeling, sitting, standing, was enough to drive a person mad.
And when it was time for communion, the priest told everyone that it was for worthy practicing catholics only.
Non practicing catholics, catholics who are not ready, and non catholics were not allowed to partake. But if they so wished they could come up and receive his blessing.
I stayed in my seat. I refuse to receive the “blessing” of a man who would deny myself and others communion.
Among other things, I could feel myself getting angry. Listening to everything I knew it was a false church. And to be honest, sitting there I felt cold. Like it was the only time in my life that I was without Gods presence. It was like standing in the shadow of a mountain.
I’ve never been a Catholic.
I’ve never been a Baptist.
I’ve never been a Lutheran.
I’ve only ever Christian.
And now I have no doubt about the Catholic Church.
This recently became a question for me so I really appreciate the treatment. That being said, there were a few items, not specific to the article’s goal, I disagree with and would challenge you to ‘know that you know what you know, know that you don’t know what you don’t know, and attempt to identify the differences.’
Brandon – thanks for your work on this. The links to the Roman Catholic Catechism no longer work. Can you update them? Thanks!
Thank you, JG. I have removed the links. If you have a physical copy of the CCC, you should be able to confirm their doctrines. These are not obscure positions.
You do know that Sola Scriptura is refuted by Scripture. Right? And that the New Testament was written by Apostles thise who knew the Lord personally and a few other early Catholic Bishops and Priests. Not Protestants. That the Protestant Old Testament has been redacted. That Luther wanted to scrap all but two of they Books in the New Testament. That the Bible tells us we cannot forgive our own sins. That Luther did not believe he could be forgiven and would spend long hours confessing? That many Catholics know that the Catholic Church has at times had bad leadership. But we know that the Mass is valid and differs little from the Orthodox Mass. and that with no other choice an Orthodox Mass can be attended by. Roman rite Catholic to prevent the sin of missing Saturday evening or Sunday mass. Finally if the Bible is a true teaching and was written by the early Catholics as inspired by God how can a false church make the Bible?
Hi Brandon,
Thanks for the Article. When was Paul in Spain, please? I haven’t read that before.
Best,
Paul
Hey Paul – It’s not in the Bible, but early historians tell us about Paul being in Spain.
https://www.exploringbible.com/2022/06/did-saint-paul-visit-spain.html
Hello, I’d like to say some stuff as a catholic trying to get a Protestant to come to church the catholic, no I’m not forcing them I’m trying to explain to them the Catholic Church. I came across the article when I was searching how to explain the Catholic Church to a Protestant. This article in my perspective as a catholic Christian teen who was raised catholic baptized catholic and born into the church I see your perspective as a false assumption of the Catholic Church, there are some points that are wrong that you made and I’d like to correct them.
We do not worship Mary and it isn’t in the doctrine of the Catholic Church, we venerate mother Mary as the Queen of heaven and mother of the Church. If you weren’t loving to your mother you’d still have to have a sense because you were born by her, it is right to notice the birth of your savior barrier.
Another thing is that in your perspective it doesn’t have really a second side if you don’t listen to your opposing side your listening to a brick wall. Yes you included the history but not a clear perspective of the Catholic faith. This all falls down to only your view point of the catholic faith and the Catholic doctrine.
So I hope this viewpoint of my faith will clear something.